Bail kya hoti hai? Regular vs Anticipatory Bail – New Criminal Laws (BNSS 2023)

Bail Kya Hai? (Paribhasha aur Mahatva)

Bail ke bare me jankari:

Bail ek kanooni vyavastha hai jisme aropi (accused) ko uske trial ke dauraan ya charge sheet file hone se pahle kuch shartein maan kar riha kar diya jata hai. BNSS 2023 ke Section 2(b) ke mutabik, “Bail is the release of a person accused of or suspected of commission of an offence on the basis of a bond or bail bond which is executed with certain conditions”nayalegal.com. Yani bail ka matlab hai ki agar aropi niyamit adaalat mein bond (suraksha rashi) de de aur kayde se tai ki gayi sharten manne ka vaada kar de, to use jail ki jagah riha kiya ja sakta hai. India ke nyayik vyavastha mein bail bahut mahatvapurn hai kyunki “nirdosh hone tak vyakti ko doshi maana nahi ja sakta” (presumption of innocence)nayalegal.com. Supreme Court ne Sanjay Chandra v. CBI (2012) mein spasht kiya ki “No Jail but Bail” hi mukhya siddhant hai aur koi bhi vyakti ko uske arop ke aadhar par saja nahi mil sakti jab tak us par varshon dharta (presumption of guilt) sabit na honayalegal.com. Bail na milne par innocent vyakti ko anavashyak jail mein baandh diya jata hai, jo uski aur uske parivar ki zindagi ko prabhavit karta hai. Isliye bail ka pravadhan zindagi aur svatantrata ki suraksha mein ek mahatvapurn pehlu hainayalegal.comnayalegal.com.

Bail Ki Jarurat:

• Bail se vyakti ko apni seva (defence) taiyar karne ka samay milta hai.
• Zyada samay tak jail mein rehne par aarthik aur manasik tanav badhta hai.
• Tatha shaadriya swasthya avm pariwarik jimmedariyon ki dekhabhal ke liye bhi bail maang sakta hai.
• Sanjeevan Nyay (Article 21) ke tahat jeevan aur vyaktigat svatantrata surakshit rakhne mein bail ka yogdan hainayalegal.com.

Bailable Aur Non-Bailable Adhikarik Aapraadh (Section 2(c) BNSS ke Mutabik)

Naye BNSS 2023 ke tahat avashya hai ki har aapraadh ko bailable (rihai ke yogya) ya non-bailable (rihai swatantarta adhikar par nahi) varg me batwara ho. Section 2(c) BNSS ke anusar bailable offences wo hain jinme bail adhikar ke roop me diya ja sakta hai, jabki non-bailable offences me bail dene ka faisla poori tarah adalat ki samajh aur discretion par chhoda gaya haimyjudix.com. Saar me kaha jai to:

• Bailable Adhikarik Aapraadh: Ye aam taur se halke jurm hote hain, jaise chhota assault, hinsa ya chori, jin par saja teen saal se kam ya sirf jurmana ho sakta haimyjudix.com. Bailable mamle me aropi ko bail apne adhikar ke roop me milti hai – kanoon ke mutabik jaise hi bond bhar de, court ya police use riha kar sakti haimyjudix.comdrishtijudiciary.com. BNSS me Section 478 kehta hai ki bailable aropi jab bail bond ke saath sureties de to use riha kar diya jayemyjudix.com. Udaaharan ke liye, chori chasma (minor theft) ya simple assault aise bailable offences ho sakte hainmyjudix.com.
• Non-Bailable Adhikarik Aapraadh: Ye adhik gambhir aapraadh hote hain, jinke liye saza aam taur par 3 saal ya usse adhik (kabhi kabhi maut ya umar qaid) hoti haimyjudix.com. In mamlo me bail court ke discretion par depend karti hai. BNSS ke Section 480 ke tahat agar kisi vyakti ko non-bailable aapraadh ke aarop me giraftar kiya jata hai, to court bail sirf tabhi de sakti hai jab use “uchit karan” nazar aayemyjudix.com. Matlab agar court ko lagta hai ki aropi sabooton ko nakara dega, gawahon ko dhamkayega, ya bhaag jayega, to bail dena manaa ho sakta hai. Udaharan ke liye, hatya, balatkaar, dakaaiti jaise mamle aam tor par non-bailable hote hainmyjudix.com.

Farq Sankshipt Roop se:

• Bail ka Prakaar: Bailable case me bail hak hai, non-bailable me adalat ki garj haimyjudix.com.
• Kanoon ke Pradan: Bailable offences ke liye Section 478 BNSS, non-bailable ke liye Section 480 BNSS lagu hota haimyjudix.com.
• Gambhirta aur Saja: Bailable offences ko halki category maana gaya hai (saja 3 saal se kam), non-bailable ko gambhir (saja 3 saal ya zyada)myjudix.com.

Kuch Important Cases:

• Arnesh Kumar v. State of Bihar (2014): SC ne kaha ki police ko 7 saal tak ki saja vale mamle me bina avashyak jaanch padtal ke routine arrest nahi karna chahiyedrishtijudiciary.com. Is se pata chalta hai ki adhikarik adhikar ke dauran bhi police ko savdhaani se kaam lena hoga.
• Zahira Habibullah Sheikh v. State of Gujarat (2004): Yah mamla estate media case tha jahan SC ne svikar kiya ki aise mamlo me court gawahon ki suraksha ke aadhar par bail inkaar kar sakta haimyjudix.com.
• Gurbaksh Singh Sibbia v. State of Punjab (1980): Is case me SC ne kaha ki bail dene me samaj aur peedit vyakti ke hit ko dhyan me rakhte hue faisla hona chahiye. Aropi ko bail paane ke liye prabhavi karan dikhane padte hainmyjudix.com.

Regular Bail (गिरफ्तारी ke baad ki Bail)

Regular bail wo bail hai jo aropi ko arrest aur judicial custody ke baad milti hai. Jab koi vyakti arrest ho jata hai to use magistrate ke samne pesh kiya jata hai. Bailable Offence me police magr magistrate hi bail de sakti hai, kyunki bail hak hoti haimyjudix.com. Udaharan: chhote jurm me arrest hone par police turant bail par riha kar deti hai. Agar police bail na de to aropi direct magistrate ke paas bail application daakhil kar sakta hai. Magistrate ya adalat aropi ko bond bharne ke baad turant riha kar degi. Non-bailable Offence me arrest ke baad aropi ko bail paane ke liye court ke samne arzi deni padti hai (Session Court, High Court ya Magistrate depending on case). Naye BNSS ke Section 480 me bataya gaya hai ki non-bailable offence ke aarop me arrest huye vyakti ko tab tak bail nahi milegi jab tak court ko uchit karan nahi mil jatemyjudix.com.

Regular Bail ki Sharten:

• Bailable mamlo me kanoon ke mutabik bail milti haimyjudix.com. Section 478 BNSS kehta hai ki agar vyakti bail bond (aur surety, deposit vyavastha) de, toh use riha kar diya jayemyjudix.com.
• Non-bailable cases me, Section 480(1) ke antargat kuch avashyak conditions batai gayi hain, jaise: agar mamla maut ya umar qaid yogya ho, ya aropi par pahle bhi 7 saal se adhik saja wali aapraadh hon, ya do baar 3+ saal ki saja wale offence ke aarop proven hon, toh bail dena mushkil ho sakta haidrishtijudiciary.com. Lekin agar aropi mahila, bachcha, ya bemaar hai, toh court meryat-moolak bail de sakti haidrishtijudiciary.com.
• Adalat ye bhi kehti hai ki sirf is wajah se bail rokna nahi chahiye ki aropi pehchaan ke liye police custody me chahiye ya gawahi ke liye jaruri hai. Agar bail aam taur par milna chahiye tha, to pehchaan ke liye 15 din rakhna bail rokne ka kaaran nahi hogadrishtijudiciary.com.

CrPC ke muqabale BNSS ke Sections:

• Purana CrPC Section 436 (bailable offences) ab BNSS Section 478 me haidrishtijudiciary.com.
• Purana CrPC Section 437 (bail for non-bailable by magistrate) ab BNSS Section 480 me haidrishtijudiciary.comdrishtijudiciary.com.
• High Court aur Court of Session ke paas bhi adhikar hota hai bail dene ka (CrPC 439, 439A; BNSS Section 483), jo bhi same hai.

Regular Bail ke Steps (Prakriya):

1. Arrest ke baad pehle din: Police adalat me aropi ko pesh karta hai. Agar aropi bailable offence me phansa hai, toh court turant bail decide karta hai (jangadnal bail). Agar non-bailable case hai, toh court aropi ko remand par bhej sakta hai.
2. Bail Arzi Dakhil Karna: Agle din ya court jab mauka de, aropi ya uska vakil magistrate/session court/HC me bail petition file karta hai. Petition me case details, aropi ka vyaktitva, aur bail ke jaruri karan (jaise ki investigation me sahyog, gawahon ki suraksha, parivarik zimmedari) batae jate hain.
3. Hearing: Court dono taraf ki argue sunta hai. Adalat saboot, vakyon ke reliable hone, aur aropi ke gagaurd ke dar ko janchti hai.
4. Bond aur Surety: Agrayak nahi honi chahiye. Agar court bail grant karti hai, aropi ko bond (ayikaran) bharna hota hai aur kabhi kabhi surety (guarantee) lagani padti hai. Kuch cases me dhan jama karna ya passport jama karwana bhi shart ho sakta hai.
5. Riha & Conditions: Bail milte hi aropi release ho jata hai. Hamesha kuch conditions hoti hain – jaise case ke dauraan police ko milna, witness ko nahi dhamkana, passport surrender karna, court se anupasthithi na hona, aadi.

Anticipatory Bail (गिरफ्तारी की आशंका से पहले की जमानत)

Anticipatory Bail us avastha me diya jata hai jab kisi vyakti ko darr ho ki use kisi non-bailable mamle me giraftar kiya ja sakta hai. Yani aropi pehle se hi court se appeal kar leta hai ki agar mujhe arrest kiya gaya to aap mujhe bail par riha kar den. Purane CrPC me ise Section 438 CrPC ke naam se jana jata tha; nayi BNSS me ise Section 482 me rakha gaya hai.

• Kis par lagu: Section 482 kehta hai ki agar vyakti ko lagta hai ki usse kisi non-bailable aapraadh (jaise murder, rape, etc.) me arrest kiya ja sakta hai, toh wo High Court ya Sessions Court me anticipatory bail ki arzi de sakta haidrishtijudiciary.comnayalegal.com.
• Court ka Decision: Court “may, if it thinks fit” – agar uchit lage – anticipatory bail de sakta hai. Yadi aspirant arrest ho jata hai, to bail par riha kar diya jayega. Agar adalat ko lagta hai ki ghatit karan kam hai, toh aage ke liye adalat pre-arrest bail ke sthiti me bailable warrant jari kar sakti hai.
• Shartein: Section 482(2) ke tahat kuch avashyak shartein adalat laga sakti hai – jaise ki aropi puchhtach ke liye police ke samne hazir rahe, mahilaon ya gawahon ko dhamkana ya bharosa todne ke liye koi kaam na kare (induconment, threat, promise na kare)drishtijudiciary.com, bina court ki ijazat Bharat se bahar na jayedrishtijudiciary.com, adi. Court dusre aam tor ke condition (jaisa Section 480(3) me diya ho) bhi laga sakti hai.
• Anticipatory Bail Exceptions: Dhyan rahe ki BNSS Section 482(4) ke tahat kuch atyant gambhir aapraadh ke liye anticipatory bail allowed nahi hai. Khaaskar, agar arop permanent aparadh jaisi Section 65 (kuch rape ke mamle) ya Section 70(2) (18 saal se kam umra ki mahila par gangrape) ke tahat file ki gayi hai, to isme anticipatory bail nahi milegadrishtijudiciary.com. (Purane CrPC me bhi kuch atyant aparadh par anticipatory bail band thi, lekin BNSS me focus shak sharirik apraadhon par hai.)

Anticipatory Bail ke Steps:

1. Arzi Dakhil: Jab vyakti ko pata ho ki koi mamla ban sakta hai, wo court (HC/Sessions) me arzi deta hai. Yahan reasons bataane hote hain ki arrest hone ki chinta kyun hai.
2. Notice: Purane Kanoon me Public Prosecutor ko 7 din pehle notice dena zaruri tha; BNSS me ye formal requirement hat gayi hainayalegal.com (philhaal notice ka prabandh nahi hai).
3. Hearing: Adalat dono pakshon ki sunwai karti hai. Aropi ke paksh me uske nyayik adhikar aur violation ke dar ko bataya jata hai. Sarkar (police/state) paksh me investigation ki avashyakta, saboot ka chori ya wakthitta batati hai.
4. Nirnay: Agar adalat samajhti hai ki aropi ko zaruri aur uchit karan mil gaye hain, to wo anticipatory bail de deti hai. Yadi nahi, to arzi naamaanjat kar sakti hai. Agar arzi reject ho jati hai, doosri arzi bhi sirf naye tathyon ke saath di ja sakti hai (kuch SC rulings me Ganesh Raj v. Rajasthan ne bataya hai ki sirf halaat badalane par hi dusri arzi suni jayegidrishtijudiciary.com).

Case Note: Gurbaksh Sibbia ke faisle ke mutabik, anticipatory bail kanoon dwara di gayi ek suvidha hai lekin aropi ko iska labh pane ke liye spasht tatthya batane hote hainmyjudix.com. Matlab aropi ko reasoning dikhani hogi ke uske khilaf saabit karne layak sabab nahi hai.

Interim Bail (अंतरिम जमानत)

Interim bail ek astayee chhoot hoti hai jo court aropi ko tab deti hai jab uska regular ya anticipatory bail application sudharit nahin hua ho. Ye bail arzi ki final sunwai tak short-term rihaai deti hai. Naye BNSS me iske liye koi alag section nahi hai, lekin kanoon vyavaharik roop se isay manyata deta haicorporategenie.in. Jab koi vyakti maang karta hai ki use turant chhuta diya jaye (for example, kisi funeral me shamil hone ke liye), court chhote samay ke liye interim bail de sakti hai, jab tak aakhri faisla na ho jayecorporategenie.in. Ye aam taur par 15-30 din ke liye hoti hai, aur agar case complete hone me samay lage to extend bhi ki ja sakti hai.

Default Bail (Statutory Bail)

BNSS me Default Bail (jise CrPC me statutory bail kehte the) ka pravadhan ab bhi bana hua hai. Yadi police ne FIR ke baad charge sheet tayyar karne me niyamit samay per (60 din – saadharan jurm, 90 din – gambhir mamle) asafalta dikhayi, to aropi ko apne hak ke tahat bail mil jayeginayalegal.com. Iska mool uddeshya undertrial ko shartiya taur par jail me adhin na rakhna hai jab tak formal charge sheet file na ho jaye.

CrPC vs BNSS: Pramukh Antar (Comparison of Old vs New Laws)

• CrPC ki Section 436 (bailable offences) ab BNSS Section 478 ban gayi haidrishtijudiciary.com.
• CrPC Section 437 (bail in non-bailable cases by magistrate) aur 438 (Session court/HC bail) ab BNSS Section 480 me aa gaye haindrishtijudiciary.com.
• CrPC Section 438 (anticipatory bail) ab BNSS Section 482 haidrishtijudiciary.comnayalegal.com. BNSS ne wording thodi ban kar di hai (“may if it thinks fit”) jo adhikarik domain ko badhata hainayalegal.com. Notice ki 7 din ki requirement hat gayinayalegal.com.
• Kuch naye provisions bhi aaye: Undertrial prisoner ki bail ab pahli baar introduc hui hai (detention limit etc.), lekin ye sirf ek third prison term tak, aur maut jeet tak offences me nahinayalegal.com.
• BNSS ke tahat bail ki paribhasha (Section 2(b)) pehli baar kanoon me di gayi hainayalegal.com. CrPC me bail kabool-mana kar ke chalti thi.

Regular Bail aur Anticipatory Bail: Tulnatmak Saransh (Comparison Table)

FAQs (Aam Prashn)

1. Bail kya hoti hai? (Bail in India)
Bail ek aisa kanooni vikalp hai jisme undertrial vyakti ko trial chalne tak jail ki jagah riha kiya jata hai, jab tak wo court ke samne hazir rahe aur sharton ka palan karenayalegal.comnayalegal.com. Ye vyakti ko mool roop se apne aajivika aur parivaar sambhalne ka mauka deti hai aur anyaayik roop se bandi rehne ki ichha ko rok deti hai.

2. Bailable aur Non-Bailable cases me kya antar hai? (Difference in Hindi)
Bailable mamlo me vyakti ko bail milna uska hak hai. Aise jurm adhikansh roop se 3 saal se kam ki saja wale hote hain. Non-bailable mamlo me bail dene ka faisla court karti hai, aur ye jyadatar 3 saal ya usse adhik saja wale mamle hote hainmyjudix.commyjudix.com. BNSS me yeh fark Section 478 (bailable) aur Section 480 (non-bailable) me likha gaya haimyjudix.commyjudix.com.

हमारे Official चैनल से जुड़ें

Latest अपडेट और महत्वपूर्ण जानकारी सीधे पाएं!

Join WhatsApp Join Telegram

3. Anticipatory Bail kya hai? Kaise milti hai?
Agar kisi vyakti ko darr ho ki use kisi non-bailable case me giraftar kiya ja sakta hai, to wo pehle se hi HC/Sessions Court me anticipatory bail ke liye arzi de sakta haidrishtijudiciary.com. Court dekh kar decide karti hai ki arrest hone par use bail milegi ya nahi. Is bail ke liye special shartein hoti hain, jaise police ko evidence dikhana, gawahon ko disturb nahi karna, passport surrender kar dena, etcdrishtijudiciary.com. Dhyan rahe ye bail sirf kuch case (non-bailable offences) ke liye hi mangi ja sakti hai, aur kuch bahut gambhir mamlo (jaise minors par rape) me yeh allowed nahi haidrishtijudiciary.com.

**4. Bail apply karne ka process kya hai? (BNSS 2023 ke under)

1. Arrest ke baad: Agar aap bailable offence me pakde gaye hain, to police ya magistrate bail par aapko riha karega. Agar non-bailable me pakde gaye to aap Court me bail petition kar sakte hain. Court me application me FIR ya chargesheet ki copy, personal details, aur bail ke reasons darj karte hain.
2. Anticipatory (Pahle se) Bail: Agar aapko pata hai ki FIR hone wali hai, to Sessions ya High Court me anticipatory bail ke liye petition dena hoga. Yahan aapko batana hoga ki arrest ki ashanka kyon hai. Judge dono paksh ki baat sunne ke baad nirnay degi.

**5. BNSS me kon se sections purane CrPC ke corresponding hain?
CrPC ke Section 436 (bailable offences bail) ka samikaran ab BNSS Section 478 se haidrishtijudiciary.com. CrPC Section 437 (non-bailable by magistrate) aur 438 (Sessions/HC bail) milke BNSS Section 480 ban gayedrishtijudiciary.comdrishtijudiciary.com. Purana CrPC Section 438 (anticipatory bail) nayi sanhita me Section 482 ban gaya haidrishtijudiciary.com.

**6. Regular Bail aur Anticipatory Bail me kya farq hai?
Regular bail me aap tab apply karte hain jab aap arrest ho chuke hain. Anticipatory bail me aapko arrest se pehle hi dar rehta hai aur aap pehle se hi court me ja kar bail ki guhar karte hain. Regular bail right ke roop me zyada tar mamlo me mil jati hai (bailable me to jarur, non-bailable me court ki marzi), jabki anticipatory bail vyakti ko tab milti hai jab court ko aapka darr uchit lagedrishtijudiciary.commyjudix.com.

7. Case laws se kya seekh milti hai?
Sanjay Chandra v. CBI me SC ne kaha “Bail is the rule, jail is the exception,” yani sakht jurm me bhi agar uchit nahin to bail milni chahiyenayalegal.com. Arnesh Kumar guideline kehta hai ki police frivolous arrests na kare (u.e. bina jaruri saboot ke arrest ko rokna)drishtijudiciary.com. Gurbaksh Sibbia ne bataaya ki bail dene par samaj aur victim ke hit ko dhyan me rakhna chahiyemyjudix.com. In faislon se spast hai ki hamare nyayik vyavastha me vyakti ke nyayaik adhikar ka mahatva rakha gaya hai.

**8. Agar bail na mile to kya karen?
Agar Magistrate ya Sessions Court se bail nahin mili, to aap High Court (Writ ya Criminal Appellate jurisdiction) me appeal kar sakte hain. Kuch mamle me Supreme Court me bhi special leave petition ja sakti hai. Par dhyan rahe, bail denial par bhi naye facts ya saboot present karne par second petition allowed ho sakti hai sirf kuch cases me (bhari hi halaton par)drishtijudiciary.com. Tab bhi badi adalat me arthik aur karyakari madad lena behad avashyak hai.

**9. Kya mahila ya bacche ko adhik suvidha milti hai?
Haan, BNSS me kuch araam diye gaye hain. Agar aropi mahila, baccha (18 se kam), ya gambhir rogi hai, toh Section 480(1) ke clause (ii) ke tahat adalat use bachha sakti haidrishtijudiciary.com. Yadi aam taur par bail mana hogi lekin aropi in me se hai, toh court par “just and proper” dhyan dekar bail de sakti hai.

Conclusion / Salah-mashwara (निष्कर्ष)

Naye BNSS 2023 ke tahat bail ke kanoon pahle se kuch badle hain, lekin buniyadi principle wahi hai ki vyakti ki zindagi aur azadi banaye rakhna. Regular bail (arrest ke baad) aur anticipatory bail (arrest se pehle) dono ki vyavastha defined haimyjudix.comdrishtijudiciary.com. Aapko kab, kaisa bail lena hai, uski puri jaankari milni chahiye.

Agar aap ya aapke parivar ko kabhi aisi stithi ka saamna ho, to anubhav aur visheshagyata wal lawyer ki salah lena bahut avashyak hai. In kanoon ko sahi dhang se istemal karne ke liye ek trained vakil se madad karein. Aap Advocate Dost jaise kanooni platform se bhi sampark kar sakte hain, jahan expert wakil aapko free samanya salah ya paid legal help de sakte hain. Yahan likha gya sab sankshipt aur samanya gyaan ke liye hai; har case ki situation alag hoti hai, isliye vyaktigat paristithiyon ke hisab se specialist advice zaroori hai.